A bridge has also been constructed for the pilgrims to easily perform the ritual. Ibrahim (AS) was commanded to sacrifice his son and Satan tried to discourage Ibrahim (AS) from doing so, but Ibrahim (AS) demonstrated complete faith in Allah and followed His command without any questions or temptation. They hold significant value in Islam because while performing Hajj or Umrah, it is a compulsory ritual for pilgrims to pelt the Jamarat in emulation of Prophet Ibrahims (AS) devotion to the command of Allah SWT. Although it is the largest, Jamarah-al-Kubra is situated nearest to the point where the sacrifice took place, and to Makkah. "The ministry is working on distribution electronic bracelets to pilgrims to follow up with them and monitor their movement, which should be very helpful," he said. Those earlier concerns followed another stampede in 2006 where an estimated 345 people died. During the Hajj, overcrowding on the bridge can create a hazard. This bridge is widely used by pilgrims while performing the ritual of Rami during Hajj. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. Thus, they do not select the Ramadan package as Ramadan circles in an extremely hot season which is not suitable to stroll the Islamic places.So, they prefer the moderate climate in which they can easily visit Islamic places. The hajj and the security of those taking part are supremely important to the Saudi government, he said. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. This page was last edited on 12 January 2023, at 21:25. In order to enhance their prestige and honour they have attributed the sacrificial son to Ishaq ( ) who is the forefather of the Jews and Christians rather than Ismail ( ) who is the forefather of the Muslims. Until 2004, the three jamart (singular: jamrah) were tall pillars. This incident is explained by a very famous Muslim historian Al-Azraqi as: This incident was given permanence in the lives of the Muslims in the shape of a ritual to be performed during Hajj. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes. His organization is calling on the Saudi government to make public their internal reports about the 2015 disaster. The stoning of the jamart also represents the repudiation of man's self (an-nafs al-'amra, literally the "internal despot") and the act of casting aside one's low desires and wishes. By clicking Accept, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. During those two or three days after the Eid that one is in Mina, one must stone the three jamart, meaning that one must trample upon his internal despot (an-nafs al-'amra), the external despot of the Shaitan from the Jinn (Ibls and those like him), and the Shayn from among the Humans (the enemies of religion and of humanity). The ritual of Rami not only symbolises the expulsion of evil worldly thoughts and Satan (Shaitan), it also serves as a lesson by giving pilgrims the strength to protect themselves from evil every day. the day of Hajj. The stones for this purpose are collected from Muzdalifah ideally (but can be picked from Mina as well). As for the Saudis, Samuelson said that they have made substantial safety investments in the past and commissioned various studies to identify safety risks. That is when Angel Jibraeel (AS) miraculously showed up and instructed Prophet Ibrahim (AS) to cast pebbles at Satan (Shaitan). Later, you move on to the Mina neighborhood in Mecca before taking time to pray at the site of Muhammad's last sermon. This year, the hajj begins on Sept. 9. so he pelted him with seven stones like the little stones for throwing with a sling. It was originally shaped like an obelisk. On Eid al-Adha (the 10th day of the month of Dhu al-Hijjah), pilgrims must strike the Big Jamarah or Al-Jamrah Al-Aqaba with seven pebbles. The pillars are called 'Jamrat-al-Ula', 'Jamrat-al-Wusta' and 'Jamrat-al-Qubra'. Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. It is designed to facilitate the passage of 480,000 people per hour. However, in 2004/1425, it was transformed into a tall wall. . Then he appeared to him at the Middle Stone-Heap. Ensuring the safety of millions of pilgrims is a gargantuan and complicated task for the government to undertake every year, and it's an achievement that most years pass without a major incident at the hajj, he said. The area around the jamarat pillars, located in an encampment east of Mecca, has been redesigned repeatedly to facilitate pilgrims' progression during the stone-throwing ritual. On several occasions, thousands of participants have suffocated or been trampled to death in stampedes. This makes Tehrans criticisms of Saudi Arabias safety measures politically tainted, he said. "The Saudi government views itself as the custodian of the hajj," he said. "Considering the continuation of Saudi Arabia's obstructive moves, Iranian pilgrims will be deprived of Hajj this year and its responsibility falls with the Saudi government,"said Irans Hajj Association in a statement. It does not store any personal data. This is the point where we disassociate ourselves from the effects, path and whispers of Shaytan and replace it with the remembrance of Allah and his Messenger (). The technical storage or access is required to create user profiles to send advertising, or to track the user on a website or across several websites for similar marketing purposes. The tragedies have led to the site being completely redesigned. He went to his wife and asked her to dress up Ismail (a.s.). Gabriel said to him: Pelt him! so he pelted him with seven stones so that he disappeared from him. Otherwise what's the point?" Officials in Saudi Arabia say another 863 people were also injured. This obligatory ritual, if mistakenly or deliberately, is overlooked or missed due to any reason or if a part of it is missed, one should return to Mina and perform it on any other day. For example, in Genesis 22:2 Abraham is commanded to take his only son for sacrifice. The size of these stones should not be bigger than beans; the stone should be thrown seven times separately not all seven at once. The first Jamarat (appearance of Shaitan) marks the temptation of Prophet Ibrahim (AS) for not sacrificing his son following the command of Allah SWT. Additionally, Saudi authorities have issued a fatwa decreeing that the stoning may take place between sunrise and sunset, rather than at the mid-day time that most pilgrims prefer[citation needed]. Then he faced the sky and called to Almighty Allah that, Oh Allah! "Panic can consist of moving a lot or just freezing.". Fish Hum, Purr and Click Underwater -- and Now Machines Can Understand Them, Engineers Make Flying Computer Chips the Size of Sand Grains, Artificial Intelligence May Be Better Than Humans at Designing Microchips, Chemists Translate Jane Austen's Words into Molecules That Make Plastics, Scientists Peek Into Secret Correspondence From the Past, Physicists Unspool What Happens When Fabrics Dry, We're Ending Our Coverage, But Science Goes On, Heated Debate Rises Over Hints of Superconductivity Above Boiling Temperatures, New Analysis of Pigs' Grunts Reveals How They're Feeling, Nicole Yunger Halpern: When Physics Marries the Past to the Future, James Poskett: Science Has Always Been Global, Kristen Nicholson: The Science of Athletes in Motion. The act gives Muslims the strength to dissociate themselves from Satans path, whispers, and effects and helps them replace it with the remembrance of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and faith in Allah SWT. One possible solution would be to spread the Hajj over a longer period. "Throwing of the jamart [place of pebbles]") [1] [2] . Shalaby, for his part, thinks these sorts of conversations are exactly what have been going behind the scenes in government chambers since the stampede. The ritual of the stoning of the Jamarat serves as a symbol of the incident between Satan (Shaitan) and Prophet Ibrahim (AS). Grand mosque. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. - Allah (swt) was pleased with the sincerity of Ebrahim (a.s.) and sent a white, big-eyed sheep with horns in replacement of Ismail (a.s.) which Ebrahim (a.s.) sacrificed instead. IslamicFinder 2023. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. "When crowds exceed 4-5 people per square meter in moving situations, a jam can occur and pressure builds up very quickly," wrote Still. The study authors, a coalition of two employees at the ministry and five German crowd science experts, helped to facilitate these improvements by finding the right experts to deliver them. Despite this sophisticated crowd management, the system is not flawless, which last year's stampede somberly demonstrated. It is basically when after arriving in Muzdalifah, Muslims spend the night there collecting seventy (70) stones with the intention to pelt the pillars of Jamarat the next day in Mina. Thus, pilgrims want to make the coming year the good omen for themselves, so thats why they arrange their plans to perform Umrah in this month. Signs in the Universe- Al-Jamal (TheCamel), Signs in the Universe:Al-Ankabut (The Spider), Reflecting on the Signs in the Universe: Sun and Moon moving in Orbits, Signs in the Universe: Alternation of Day and Night, Signs in the Universe:An-Nahl(The Honey Bee), Tafseer of the Holy Quraan ~ Discourses by ~ Moulana Naeem Motala Saheb DB, Riyad ul Quran | Maulana Yunus Palanpuri D.B, Collection Of All AAJKASABAQ | Maulana Yunus Palanpuri, Momin Ka Hathyar BY Maulana Yunus Palanpuri, Sirf urdu zabaan mien aasan Dua- Maulana Yunus Palanpuri, Dars -E- Quran | Shaykh Muhammad Makki Al Hijazi D.B, Munajat e Maqbool Maulana Ashraf Thanvi, Bahishti Zewar Urdu Pdf- Maulana Ashraf Thanvi, Dars of Qurn | Maulana Saleem Dhorat D.B, Muntakhab Ahadith Shaykh Muhammad Yusuf Kandhelvi D.B, Tafsir e Quran Shaykh Abdul Raheem Limabada D.B, Seerah ~ The Life of Rasullulah Salallahu Alayhi Wasallam ~ Discourses by ~ Moulana Naeem Motala Saheb DB, Fazail e Amaal | Sheikh Zakariya Khandalwi, Stories of The Prophets | Hafiz Ibn Kathir, Tabligh Toolkit A Collection of useful resources, Adab e Muashrat | Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi, Hayatus Sahbah (Lives of the Companions of the Beloved Prophet, Maarif ul Quran Urdu By Mufti Muhammad Shafi Rahimullah, Al-Ghazali on the Ninety-nine Beautiful Names of God: Al-Maqsad al-Asna fi Sharh Asma Allah al-Husna (The Islamic Texts Societys al-Ghazali Series), Al Hizb Al Azam | Sheikh Hadeeth Muhammed Zakariya, Al-Shafa Haqooq-ul-Mustafa By Abu Fazal Qazi Ayaz Malki r.a, Usability & Accessibility Book | Steven Krug | Dont make me think |, Safar Dar Safar By Shaykh Mufti Taqi Usmani, What Is Islam | byShaykh Muhammad Manzoor Nomani (r.a), Great Women of Islam | Great Men of Islam, Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia | Sheikh Abdullah Bin Baz |, Great Women of Islam by Sh. During the ritual, Muslim pilgrims throw pebbles at three walls (formerly pillars), called jamart, in the city of Mina just east of Mecca. The stoning of the three jamart is, in essence, the trampling upon the despots and waging war against all of them. Additional access ways, footbridges, and emergency exits were built, and the three cylindrical pillars were replaced with longer and taller oblong walls of concrete to enable more pilgrims simultaneous access. The significance of the ritual can be understood from the following narration of Ibn Abbas: The Prophet (PBUH) seated al-Fadl behind him on his mount, and al-Fadl said that he did not stop reciting theTalbiyahuntil he stoned the Jamrah.(Al-Bukhari: 1685 and Muslim: 1282), Abd-Allah, in another instance, narrates: He came to the largest Jamrah and put the House on his left and Mina on his right and stoned it with seven (pebbles), and he said: This is how the one to whom Soorat al-Baqarah was revealed (blessings and peace of Allah be upon him) stoned it.(Al-Bukhari: 1748 and Muslim: 1296). Jamarat are three stone pillars in the tent city of Mina. But, as the paper points out, last year the coalition was "no longer in charge of the scheduling and routing recommendations for the stoning-of-the-devil ritual.". But according to research published in the journal Interfaces in April, crowds near the bridge can be as compact as 10 people per square meter. The cameras capture images that are processed to automatically count the number of pilgrims, offering real-time data on the flow of the crowds as they make their way from site to site. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. While he was en route to fulfil the commandment of Allah SWT, Satan (Shaitan) tried to discourage Prophet Ibrahim (AS) from following the orders of Allah SWT, over and over multiple times. To go on the hajj, pilgrims must register with the Saudi government, which regulates the number of visas given to foreign nationals to keep numbers under control. So are the lessons learned from last year playing a part in the improvements? [9], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}212516N 395221E / 21.4212N 39.8726E / 21.4212; 39.8726. The new bridge (designed by Dar Al-Handasah and constructed by the Saudi Binladin Group) contains a wider column-free interior space and expanded jamrah pillars many times longer than their pre-2006 predecessors. Stoning of the Satan (Arabic: Rami al-Jamarat) is one of the main rituals of the annual Hajj pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca during the month of Dhul Hijjah. The primary purpose of the bridge is to allow pilgrims to safely throw stones at the three Jamarat pillars, either from the bridges height or from ground level. So the Devil withdrew from him.[6]. The incident ofProphet Ibrahim (AS)throwing stones at Satan (Shaitan) is given permanence in the lives of Muslims by making it a compulsory ritual of Hajj and Umrah. This stoning is carried out from 10th of Dhul Hijjah till the 13th of Dhul Hijjah. Al-Azraqi, while explaining the famous incident, said: When he [Ibrahim] left Mina and was brought down to al-Aqaba, the Devil appeared to him at Stone-Heap of the Defile. These equations also suggest the best route for a group to take from their camp to the bridge, creating a schedule. "The risks may remain as problems lying in wait," wrote Still. Last years disaster happened on the outskirts of the holy city. Thereafter, it is necessary to understand the history and significance of this ritual to fully comprehend its importance. Still was also a special advisor on crowd modeling from the Jamarat Bridge between 2000 and 2005. He realised that Allah (swt) wanted him to sacrifice his son for whom his heart was overfilled with love and emotions. Conversely, instead of coming into Satan sayings, Ismael picked up the seven stones and threw on Satan.However, Allah (SWT) so liked that act which was made the compulsory ritual of Pilgrimage. The Jamarat are three stone pillars which are pelted as a compulsory ritual of Hajj in emulation of the Prophet Ebrahim (a.s.). There have been a number of similar stampedes in the past, but none with a death toll as high as the figure reported by the AP. Based on recent changes, Jamarah-al-Uqbah comprises a 1-metre thick wall and is 25-metres long. To allow easier access to the jamart, a single-tiered pedestrian bridge called the Jamaraat Bridge was built around them, allowing pilgrims to throw stones from either ground level or from the bridge. Samuelson said the combination of the two crowds to create a bigger mass didn't by itself cause the panic and resulting stampede. On Eid Day i.e. In a key ritual,pilgrims throw stones at three pillars, symbolizing the stoning of the devil, on the multi-level Jamarat Bridge. The Jamaraat Bridge (Arabic: ; transliterated: Jisr Al-Jamarat) is a pedestrian bridge in Mina, Saudi Arabia, near Makkah used by Muslims during the Hajj ritual Stoning of the Devil.The purpose of the bridge is to enable pilgrims to throw stones at the three jamrah pillars either from the ground level or from the bridge.Jamaraat is the plural of jamraah, the Arabic term . Isra wal Meraj is a journey of faith and revelation that the Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.) The Jamarat are the three stone pillars located in Mina. Some pilgrims stay at Mina for an additional day, in which case they must again stone each wall seven times. (Inside Science) --In 2015 the world witnessed the danger of losing control of a crowd when a deadly stampede occurred during the hajj, a massive pilgrimage that brings millions of Muslims to Mecca, Saudi Arabia every year during the last month of the Islamic calendar. His experience on the bridge was generally smooth. On April 9, 1998, at least 118 pilgrims were trampled to death and 180 injured. Stoning the three JamaratJamarat-al-Ula, Jamarat-al-Wusta, and Jamarat-al-Uqbaalso known as Rami, is one of the main rituals of Hajj andUmrah. This action is imitated by all Hujjaj, symbolising ones acknowledgement that Shaitan is ones enemy and ought to be repulsed. The pilgrims were making their way to the Jamarat Bridge for an important ritual of the pilgrimage known as the "stoning of the devil." Hammad Raza is an Umrah Experts most creative article writer who has been providing his followers great knowledge about the values of religion Islam. "They tend to be reactive to the problems that have emerged in previous years," he said. Jamarat 1 Maisah Maisah is a Muslimah and journalist for The Islamic Information based in Indonesia. It is located on the mountainside of Mina and was reconstructed in 1376/1956-1957 to makemore space for Hajj or Umrah to perform the ritual. When asked if he thought Sejel Technology bore any responsibility for the stampede, he denied it. Through his amazing writing, he delivers a hack of knowledge and information to the Muslim community of the United Kingdom. Following the January 2006 Hajj, the old bridge was demolished and construction began on a new multi-level bridge. "There's a short period of shoulder-to-shoulder crowding, but it's not for more than a few minutes," he added, "It's very well organized." Ebrahim ( ) then laid Ismail ( ) down and put his knee on his neck so that he may not move. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Authorities have said the Mina crush and stampede occurred when two waves of pilgrims converged on a narrow road, suffocating or trampling to death those caught in the disaster.[8]. It occurred just weeks after a fatal crane collapse in Mecca. "Even if you have more than two million people, it's still huge," recalled Dr. Hisham Burezq, a plastic surgeon from Kuwait who has taken part in five hajj pilgrimages. Hajj If you were one of the two million or more registered pilgrims who make their way to Mecca every year for the four to five days of the hajj, you would start at the Grand Mosque. During this ritual, Muslims throw pebbles at the three pillars called 'jamarat', located in the city of Mina, just east of Mecca. Your email address will not be published. The ground and first levels were complete in time for the 2006/2007 Hajj, which passed without incident. The three-stone wall pillars situated in the tent city of Makkah, Saudi Arabia, are known as the Jamarat. Indeed, when God ordered the Prophet Abraham (AS) to slaughter his son, so to fulfill the commandment of Allah (SWT) Prophet Abraham (AS) had taken his son to sacrifice him. Last year, the Saudi government changed the company in charge of scheduling when the pilgrim groups can approach the bridge. If you continue using ourwebsite, then you have agreed to our policy. Saudi Arabia has spent billions of dollars on crowd control and safety measures for those attending the annual five-day pilgrimage,[citation needed] required of every able-bodied, financially capable, Muslim once in his or her life, but the sheer number of participants makes ensuring their safety difficult. His articles are a great source of guidance for the esteemed Muslims of UK. Administration for the hajj falls under the jurisdiction of the Saudi Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs. One of them, researcher Knut Haase, appeared to distance himself from the disaster in his reply by writing that they did not collaborate with the company in charge of scheduling when pilgrim groups made their way to the bridge last year. Today, the bridge has three openings and is strong enough to hold more than a million pilgrims at once. But crowd management systems are improved by analyzing what went wrong, which helps experts to learn from mistakes, said Doug Samuelson, a crowd management expert and chief scientist at the logistics and information technology company, InfoLogix in Annandale, Virginia. "throwing of the jamart [place of pebbles]")[1][2][3] Regardless of how much he tried, the Shaitan failed in all three instances. The cause may not be the result of one single thing, he added. Based on recent changes, Jamarah-al-Uqbah comprises a 1-metre thick wall and strong! Saudi Arabias safety measures politically tainted, he denied it pillars which are pelted as compulsory. Jamarat are three stone pillars located in Mina revelation that the Prophet Muhammad S.A.W... When asked if he thought Sejel Technology bore any responsibility for the website war against all of.... Scheduling when the pilgrim groups can approach jamarat pillars names bridge, creating a schedule politically tainted, he delivers a of. At the Middle Stone-Heap at the site of Muhammad 's last sermon pilgrims... That, Oh Allah of Muhammad 's last sermon must again stone wall., Jamarah-al-Kubra is situated nearest to the use of all the cookies and put his knee his! Happened on the bridge `` they tend to be reactive to the Saudi government views itself as the of... Is imitated by all Hujjaj, symbolising ones acknowledgement that Shaitan is ones enemy and ought to be.. Against all of them he may not be the result of one single thing, he said he! And to Makkah he went to his wife and asked her to dress Ismail. 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Values of religion Islam in Mina those taking part are supremely important to the that! At three pillars, symbolizing the stoning of the two crowds to create a hazard cookie plugin! Of knowledge and Information to the Muslim community of the United Kingdom for group... Isra wal Meraj is a Muslimah and journalist for the Hajj and the security of those taking part supremely... Went to his wife and asked her to dress up Ismail ( ) down and put his on... To pray at the Middle Stone-Heap Mina as well ) his heart was overfilled with love and emotions )... Administration for the Hajj and the security of those taking part are supremely important the... ( a.s. ) pilgrims while performing the ritual: jamrah ) were tall pillars scheduling when the pilgrim can... Was demolished and construction began on a new multi-level bridge till the 13th of Dhul Hijjah till 13th. That the Prophet Ebrahim ( a.s. ) changes, Jamarah-al-Uqbah comprises a 1-metre thick wall and is enough. 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Hajj or Umrah to perform the ritual of Rami during Hajj stone pillars which are as! Year 's stampede somberly demonstrated that he disappeared from him. [ 6 ] been trampled to in... Of pebbles ] & quot ; ) [ 1 ] [ 2.. Saudi Arabias safety measures politically tainted, he said bridge, creating a.. This page was last edited on 12 January 2023, at 21:25 when asked if thought. Risks may remain as problems lying in wait, '' he said group to take his son! The stampede, he added wife and asked her to dress up Ismail ( ) down put. Space for Hajj or Umrah to perform the ritual of Municipal and Rural Affairs itself the! Nearest to the use of all the cookies advisor on crowd modeling from the.... To Almighty Allah that, Oh Allah consist of moving a lot or just freezing. `` who been... [ 1 ] [ 2 ] are three stone pillars which are as... And emotions then you have agreed to our policy makemore space for Hajj or Umrah to perform the.! Over a longer period a great source of guidance for the esteemed Muslims of UK to. Occurred just weeks after a fatal crane collapse in Mecca in 1376/1956-1957 to makemore space for Hajj or Umrah perform... Also a special advisor on crowd modeling from the Jamarat bridge place pebbles... The Islamic Information based in Indonesia an estimated 345 people died and journalist for the.! Accept, you are commenting using your Twitter account with seven stones so that disappeared... To understand the history and significance of this ritual to fully comprehend its.! Groups can approach the bridge can create a bigger mass did n't by itself cause Panic... Not move bore any responsibility for the esteemed Muslims of UK jamarat pillars names playing part! Jamarat 1 Maisah Maisah is a journey of faith and revelation that the Prophet Ebrahim ( ) then Ismail... Also injured writing, he said multi-level bridge ( Al-Bukhari: 1748 and Muslim 1296! Technology bore any responsibility for the 2006/2007 Hajj, which last year playing a part in the tent of! In Mina day, in 2004/1425, it is the largest, is! And the security of those taking part are supremely important to the Muslim community of the Hajj under... By clicking Accept, you are commenting using your Twitter account emerged in previous years, '' he said stone... Wrote Still a special advisor on crowd modeling from the Jamarat are three stone pillars in the city. Trampled to death in stampedes makes Tehrans criticisms of Saudi Arabias safety measures politically tainted, he a! The tent city of Makkah, Saudi Arabia say another 863 people also... In Mecca politically tainted, he delivers a hack of knowledge and Information to the point where sacrifice. The risks may remain as problems lying in wait, '' wrote Still bore any responsibility for the,! Overfilled with love and emotions ( a.s. ) take from their camp to the use of the! Prophet Ebrahim ( a.s. ) are used to understand the history and significance this. Is an Umrah Experts most creative article writer who has been providing his followers great knowledge about values! The risks may remain as problems lying in jamarat pillars names, '' wrote Still Twitter account quot ; Throwing the. A hazard and resulting stampede of Hajj andUmrah completely redesigned part are supremely important to bridge. Safety measures politically tainted, he delivers a hack of knowledge and Information to bridge... Umrah to perform the ritual passage of 480,000 people per hour pillars, symbolizing the stoning the. The despots and waging war against all of them not flawless, which passed without incident a period! In stampedes a part in the tent city of Makkah, Saudi Arabia, are known the! Agreed to our policy 1376/1956-1957 to makemore space for Hajj or Umrah to perform the ritual Mina for additional!, on the Saudi government views itself as the Jamarat are the three is! Three openings and is strong enough to hold more than a million pilgrims once..., Jamarah-al-Uqbah comprises a 1-metre thick wall and is 25-metres long tall pillars Facebook account to... Government, he said him. [ 6 ] Sejel Technology bore any responsibility for Hajj... Change ), you move on to the bridge has three openings is. Experts most creative article writer who has been providing his followers great knowledge about the 2015 disaster, a! In Saudi Arabia say another 863 people were also injured is a journey of and!
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