The delicate balance between the Soviet Union and the Western Allies had to be maintained, it seems, at any cost. As historians dig out more information from national archives, and descendants recount family stories, the story of the Polish exiles in Africa gets richer. [5], The evacuation of the Polish people from the USSR lasted from March 24, 1942, for one week, and then again from August 10, 1942, until the beginning of September. The Polish migration to Africa has its roots in an event from August 1939. The camps were closed and lands reverted to the colonial governments for local peoples settlements or administrative centres, and the graves were maintained for posterity. There was also a simple apprenticeship system for the youth. Dyrektor dr. Hubert Wajs, The State Archive in Przemysl There she met her husband, a Pole and a survivor of the Majdanek concentration camp. Some of them went on to emigrate to the United States, Argentina, Canada, France and Australia. The British people were now resigned to the fact that Hitler had to be stopped by force. Having unloaded H.M. Troopship Nevasa at Karachi, then in India, now West Pakistan they were tasked to sail to Khorramshahr, in Persia, now Iran on the 17th of March 1944. African radio stations ran programs in the Polish language and there waseven a Polish press. Care had been taken in planning the settlement to avoid giving it the look of a military barracks. Polish evacuees had to travel by train to Krasnovodsk, where they took a ship across the Caspian Sea to Iran. But those the Soviets only arrested and inprisoned were lucky. who dug up the graves in the Katyn forest, were responsible for the murders. The expected end of the war limited further evacuations. http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP7.ADDENDA.HTM, The Soviets arrested and On March 19, 1942, General Wadysaw Anders ordered the evacuation of Polish soldiers and civilians who lived next to army camps. Soon afterward, Moscow began a program of mass deportations of ethnic Poles as well as some Polish Jews, deep into the Soviet interior. After the hell that we survived, Tehran was a different world. The relief assistance afforded [1] Within months, in order to de-Polonize annexed lands, the Soviet NKVD rounded up and deported between 320,000 and 1 million Polish nationals to the eastern parts of the USSR, the Urals, and Siberia. Migration to and from countries in Southern Africa 1 is driven largely by the pursuit of economic opportunities, political instability and increasingly, environmental hazards. In January 1944, the Polish staff in all East African camps had been reduced. In my view, this toll is the direct and indirect responsibility of the new Polish government (although aided, abetted, and promoted by the Soviets), as I will establish in the next section. Further Polish transports went to India by sea, from the port of Ahvaz to Bombay. The sworn deposition provides evidence of Soviet responsibility for the 1940 massacre of some 22,000 Polish officers in the Katyn forest and other places in what was then the Soviet Union. "It was a friendly existence, side by side," she told DW. [15] The single man has not been traced; the woman, Josefa Bieronska, moved to South Africa with her children. UNHCR also aims to improve durable solutions such as local integration opportunities and increase public awareness of refugees and asylum issues. Eventually, they migrated mostly to Australia, Canada, and Great Britain. Korespondencja z w?adzami amerykanskimi w sprawie zezwolenia na pobyt i uzyskania obywatelstwa. In mid-1944, East Africa hosted over 13,000 Polish citizens. Finally, 733 Polish children with their 105 caretakers arrived in New Zealand on November 1, 1944. + Copies of insurance death claims from the Polish Roman Catholic Union of See for full text and footnotes: Both settlements had hospital facilities run by Polish doctors and nurses. Maria Gabiniewicz, one of the refugees, later wrote: "We managed to leave the Soviet Union in the last transport. In Tanganyika, the largest settlement was Tengeru (4,000 refugees) and smaller camps were located in Kigoma, Kidugala, Ifunda, Kondoa, and Morogoro. 29. list of polish refugees in east africa and rhodesia. [2] There were four waves of deportations of entire families with children, women, and elderly people aboard freight trains from 1940 until 1941. These included 200,828 ethnic Poles, 90,662 Jews, 31,392 Ukrainians, 27,418 Belorussians, 3,421 Russians, and 2,291 persons of other nationalities. Trukhan, Myroslav. [17] Despite political instability and famine in Iran at that time, Polish refugees were welcomed by the smiles and generosity of the Iranian people. 68p. Abdi Latif Dahir. Wiesawa Paskiewicz, who stayed at Kolhapur, wrote: "Our daily activities were marked by school, church and scouting. well as for the formation of a Polish army on Soviet soil. Metiuk, Hryhorii. To accommodate the refugees, a sprawling stationary camp was established in Isfahan. [8], The fate of the deported Poles improved in mid-1942, after the signing of the SikorskiMayski agreement. Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February . When using our website, the cookie files are downloaded onto your device. Gdansk: http://www.ap.gdansk.pl/english/linki/poland.php, The Archives of New Records They settled in a camp at Santa Rosa, near the city of Len, in central Mexico. Language--E. Cambridge, MA, 1988. in the plans, and two days later all of the refugees were shipped off to Unlike elsewhere, upon graduation the teens were placed either in schools operated by religious orders or in technical colleges. Balachadi became a refuge for some 1,000 Polish children. Zustrichi. Sandifort,Mary-Ann The forgotten Story of Polish refugees in Zambia, Zambia's Bulletin & Record,June 2015 P20. Korespondencja w sprawie pomocy dla uchodzcw. For the plight of Poles who remained in the Soviet interior until the defeat of Germany, see Polish population transfers (194446) and the population exchange between Poland and Soviet Ukraine. There were 22 different camps that housed 13,000-19,000 Polish exiles spread out across East and Southern Africa, some with more than 6,000 people, others with just a handful of families. Two hostels were also established: one in Island Bay for girls, the other in Lyall Bay for boys. In order to ensure the highest quality of our services, we use small files called cookies. "De-Polonizing the territories newly incorporated into the USSR", "Near and Middle East: The evacuation of the Polish people from the USSR", "Evacuation of Polish civilians from the Soviet Union to Persia 1942". Copies of The first transport of Polish refugees from the Soviet Union arrived at the Tanga port in Tanganyika on August 27, 1942. Shelved under: Naukove Tovarystvo im.Shevchenka. Their home became a deserted hacienda in Santa Rosa, near Leen. Children were the vast majority of the refugees. We were not first the Poles in Africa. Ukrainian Catholics and Orthodox in Poland and Czechoslovakia. Additional Polish transports arrived in late 1943. He reveals them in his book "Flight Across the Sea." These journeys, often several weeks long, brought new suffering and tens of thousands died from hunger, cold, heat, disease and exhaustion on that trip to freedom. ch.1,3-4, 1990. of hostages, reprisal raids, forced labor, "euthanasia," starvation, exposure, Records. Ukrains'kyi arkhiv. But that was not Snakes and other natural perils were commonplace. Language--U. Vinnipeh, 1969. At the peak period, 4,018 people lived in it. When the Polish community Christmas celebrations during theSecond World Waroften had to be scaled down or adjusted as restrictions and shortages took their toll. centr. Classes began on September 1, 1942. Own farms were run. She wanted us to go either to India or Africa, as it was closer to Europe. Zahal'na biblioteka. In July 1942 government in London, in consultation with the governors of then Tanganyika, Kenya, Uganda and Nyasa, agreed to settle there Polish refugees for the time of the war. 3 prymirnyky. Thousands of Jews were employed by the Soviets in deportation and execution of Polish citizens. They also murdered about 65,000 Poles in this terror.2, In one notorious massacre, in incredibly cold calculation, the NKVD-the Soviet secret police--systematically executed possibly 14,471 former polish officers, including political leaders, government officials, Often it was not accurate, especially as far as dates of birth. Locals from Tengeru and the Poles even sometimes celebrated mass together, said Devlin, the head of the Center for Flight and Migration at Germany's Catholic University of Eichsttt-Ingolstadt. The main wave of Polish refugees sailed away from Iran to Africa. At the Polish Institute in London, he found the only existing film footage from the Tanzanian refugee camp where his grandmother had lived. their lives even after liberation (over 2,000 refugees died in Iran alone). Try roky tr'okhlittia Arkhypastyrs'koi pratsi Ilariona, Arkhyiepyskopa Kholms'koho i Pidlias'koho. First schools were opened in Tehran, where after one year there were ten Polish educational institutions. Listy braci: Karola, Antoniego, Jana, ciotki Zofii Lanckoronskiej (1942-1949). Archiwum Panstowe w Przemyslu Shvaipol't Fiol'.24sm. It triggered an amnesty for the Poles in the USSR. In Tengeru in Tanzania, which was the largest of the camps, they lay wreaths on the single memorial stone that bears one hundred names of people who were interred here. The Polish population, both civilian and military, was evacuated to Iran from the Soviet Union in two stages from March to September 1942. Maria Gabiniewicz spent six years in Africa, at a camp in Bwana Mkubwa, Northern Rhodesia: "To us, it all looked like a scene from Henryk Sienkiewicz's book In Desert and Wilderness. 3. The church was built at the centre of the settlement using local materials and papyrus thatch. The arrival of the Polish 4.3 . One of the camps was in Abercorn, in the remote Northern Province. A Polish woman and her grandchildren at an American Red Cross evacuation camp in, Evacuation of Polish civilians from the USSR in World War II. pomocy charytatywnej (1948-1949). Among them 1,000,000 were children under eighteen years of age 1. Their travel and settlement in British protectorates around the world was made possible by the combined efforts of the British government and the Polish government-in-exile in London as the Second World War raged in Europe. The amnesty for the Polish people in Russia came about as a consequence of an agreement between Stalin, Churchill, Anthony Eden and the Polish government in exile in London. Young Polish women living in exile in Uganda in the 1940s, as the Second World War raged in Europe. T.6. Image: Courtesy/Jonathan Durand. Stalin simply said that there were none -- all those surviving the war had run away13 Churchill, however, saw the true dimension of the issue. In October 1942, the Director of War Evacuees and Camps of Northern Rhodesia, Gore Browne, expected around 500 Polish refugees to arrive from the Middle East. donation. "African countries were on their way to independence and didn't want reminders of colonial rule," said Devlin. Crime was rampant inside and outside ghettos. (0-17) 326-84, 326-70 The expected end of the war limited further evacuations. Approximately 600 Polish refugees were taken to Abercorn in contingents. t.3/4, 1995. A few hundred people remained in Tanganyika. Records Among the many significant happenings of the Second World War is the story of thousands of Polish exiles who found refuge in East and Southern Africa. Skins were tanned for leather and lint-cotton was purchased from nearby ginneries. ul. (16.06.2016), Many European countries want to restrict migration with stricter border controls and more deportations. Elated by this turn of events the far-flung Polish exiles began to make their way as best they could southward, to where Anders' army was forming, in the hope of liberation. The details concerning processing of personal data by each unit can be found in their respective policies concerning the processing of personal data. In Eastern Africa, six permanent Polish refugee settlements were established: four in Tanganyika (Tengeru, Kondoa, Ifunda, Kidugala) and two in Uganda (Masindi and Koja). Harvard University. PERIODICALS [18] In late 1942 and early 1943, Polish camps in Iran were located at Tehran, Isfahan, Mashhad, and Ahvaz. The Polish refugees who were going to East Africa were shipped from Iran, or taken from Iran to India and shipped from an Indian port, to different African destinations. In August 1945, the number of Polish refugees in Northern Rhodesia was 3,419, of which 1,227 stayed in camps in the capital Lusaka, 1,431 in Bwana Mkubwa at the Copperbelt,164 in Fort Jameson at the border with Nyasaland, and 597 in Abercorn in the Northern Province. Like the Nazis in the west of the country, the Soviet Union began to carry out ethnic cleansing. executed in cold blood in Katyn, Kharkov, and Kalinin in April and May 1940. papers in Archiwa IJP, Polish version, http://dione.ids.pl/~ijp/pol/aog4.html or Polish In Uganda they were laid to rest at Nyabyeya in Masindi; Bombo in Luwero district, and Entebbe, according to records at the Uganda National Archives. http://www.pgsa.org/membership.htm The second camp was established at Koja in Mukuno district about 100 kilometres east of Kampala, the Ugandan capital and about 35 kilometres from Mukono railway station. Recently, there has been renewed interest among historians and local authorities to highlighting the role of East Africans in the Second World War. In all, 16 Polish schools were attended by some 2,300 Polish children in India. "[12], In 1942, about 120,000 refugees from Poland began their exodus to Iran from remote parts of the Soviet Union. It appeared in the "Miedzy Nami" in one of Canadian newspapers However, during first years of war the rate of German and Soviet murder of the Poles was much higher than that of the Jews. Among the deportees 52 percent were Poles, 30 percent were Jews, and 18 percent were Ukrainians and Byelorussians. Within a few weeks, the Soviets invaded Poland from the east. Panstwowe w Rzeszowie Korespondencja do cz?onkw rodziny (1945-1946). The dead were buried at various graveyards in East and Southern Africa. The bishop came from Kampala to consecrate it. In August 1945 the number of Polish refugees in Northern Rhodesia was 3,419 of which 1,227 stayed in camps in the capital Lusaka, 1,431 in Bwana Mkubwa at the Copperbelt,164 in Fort The second wave of deportations by the Soviet occupational forces across the Kresy macroregion, affected 300,000 to 330,000 Poles, sent primarily to Kazakhstan. Their ship docked at the port of Mombasa and from here they were settled in camps in Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania (then Tanganyika) and Zambia and Zimbabwe (formerly Northern and Southern Rhodesia). Peter Fraser and Countess Wodzicka with Polish children (Alexander Turnbull Library, 1/2-003634-F) Over 800 Polish refugees seeking safety from war-torn Europe disembarked in Wellington. The Polish representative to the Potsdam conference claimed there were only 1,500,000, the United States estimated 2,000,000. Also: Language. Subscribe now for as little as $2 a month! 35-959 Rzeszw Altogether, some 35,000 parachute and glider troops were involved in the operation. UNHCR's main objectives in Poland are to monitor access to territory and reception conditions as well as advocate for an efficient and protection-sensitive asylum system and related policies. Many Poles left Iran for India, thanks to the efforts of Polish consul in Bombay, Eugeniusz Banasinski. A Canadian filmmaker explores the journey of his Polish forefathers in a documentary. In 1948, the number of Poles in East Africa decreased to 3,497, of which 2,080 lived in Tanganyika. At its peak, Koja accommodated around 3,000 Polish refugees. Mexico. Przemyslu Poland, The State Archive in Rzeszow Archiwum Moreover, even while in Iran, although debriefed, the refugees were not encouraged to speak about their experiences in the Soviet Union with outsiders. [1] It can come as a surprise, however, that an Africanist from Germany has authored the first English-language study of the Polish refugee camps in colonial British Africa. Malaria killed many of the refugees and many more also suffered from amoebic dysentery. They were coming from the Middle East. They went by ship to Dar es Salaam and via Kigoma to Mpulunga on Lake Tanganyika, and subsequently they went in groups to Abercorn by lorry. The clusters of Polish refugees also arose in both Rhodesia and the Union of South Africa. Thus ended the saga M23 has been accusing the DRC of ignoring a promise to integrate its fighters into the army. The settlement was financed by the Polish Government in London and by American institutions, including the National Catholic Welfare Conference and the Polish American Council. Roma J. Czech, a dental hygienist in the UK, recalls a little of her mothers time in the displaced persons camps in Kenya. Historian Erik Lindner takes a long look back to discover answers to this question. A one-time Amnesty for Polish citizens in the Soviet Union was declared by Stalin. Illnessestyphoid, dysentery, no restrooms in cars. 1 November 1944. When Britainwent to waron 3 September 1939 there was none of the 'flag-waving patriotism' of August 1914. Zustriczi: kwartalnik ukrainski (wersja polskojezyczna). With a few days, Germany invaded Poland, triggering World War 2. But more stable settlements also emerged such as those in Balachadi, near the city of Jamnagar, and in Valivade, near Kolhapur. Unlike the Soviet Union, these were, after all, ancient civilized cultures. Apathetic at first, as the refugees settled into camp life they gradually recovered an interest in using their various skills. They were provided with refreshments and not a few of the refugees were in tears when the train steamed out. Korespondencja - sprawy urze dowe i osobiste (1946-1947). recruited families willing to take in a hundred orphans. In Kenya, the camps were located in Rongai (outside Nairobi), Manira, Makindu, Nairobi, and Nyali in Mombasa. Lesiv, Mykhailo. Korespondencja w sprawie pomocy charytatywnej, zaproszenia World War II. They also take time to tidy up the place by clearing the bush around the graveyard. There they were loaded on ships to be ferried to Tehran, the Iranian capital. THE TRUTH ABOUT JEDWABNE AND HEROIC DEEDS OF THE POLISH NATION IN THE 20TH CENTURY by Prof. Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski, See full text in: http://www.iyp.org/polish/history/antypolonizmy/jedwabne_en_124.html. Altogether, in the two evacuations of 1942, 115,742 left: 78,470 soldiers and 37,272 civilians (13,948 children). Here's a map that shows From Persia half of them were deported to East and Southern Africa. This has fueled speculation that the U.S. government helped cover up Soviet responsibility for the massacre out of fear that saying the truth would anger Stalin, whom the Allies were counting on to help them defeat Germany and Japan in World War II. All the camps and settlements established in Iran, Lebanon, Palestine, India, Africa, Mexico, and New Zealand were meant to be temporary quarters for the Polish refugees until the end of the war and the expected liberation of their country. Krakivs'ki Ukrainoznavchi Zoshyty. Podlesice Zivilarbeiterlager (public servants [4][6], In 1939, following Nazi German and Soviet attack on Poland, the territory of the Second Polish Republic was divided between the two invaders. The first group of exiles arrived in Africa in late 1942-44. World War Two: The deportation of Polish refugees to Abercorn "The complex story of Polish refugees in Iran", "Iran and the Polish Exodus from Russia 1942", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evacuation_of_Polish_civilians_from_the_USSR_in_World_War_II&oldid=1096111774, Articles using infobox templates with no data rows, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Over 30,000 military personnel and about 11,000 children evacuated from March 24 until the first days of April 1942, Over 43,000 military personnel and about 25,000 civilians evacuated by sea from August 10 to September 1, 1942, This page was last edited on 2 July 2022, at 11:09. "They were young, and these intercultural encounters have shaped their humanity.". The dead were not included in the census, because . Poles did not stay in the Soviet-controlled Iran for long for several reasons, including the hostility of Soviet authorities who occupied northern Iran (see Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran), as well as the threat from the German armies that had already reached the Caucasus (see Case Blue), and finally due to poor living conditions.[13]. 8a Soviet reoccupation of the Borderlands (1944-45) 8b Repatriation (1944-47) Subject: UKRAINIANS IN POLAND amnesty etc. It is no longer just a footnote in history. And more. Many lived in communes and camps until the early 1950s before finding permanent homes in North America, Europe, Australia and to a lesser extent, South Africa. It included extortions, robberies and murders. The Polish consulates in the USSR issued in-land temporary passports for those being evacuated: These had to be presented at the border crossings in order to proceed. But what happened to the rest of the hundreds of thousands of deportees who did not leave with Anders' army? ch.1, 1989; ch.2, 1990. The pace of evacuation of Polish refugees from Iran to Africa was high. In Palestine, the camps for the over 5,000 refugees transferred there were located in Nazareth, Rehovot, Ain-Karem, and Barbara. Following the Soviet invasion of Poland at the onset of World War II, in accordance with the Nazi-Soviet Pact against Poland, the Soviet Union acquired more than half of the territory of the Second Polish Republic or about 201,000 square kilometres (78,000sqmi) inhabited by more than 13,200,000 people. http://lemko.org/genealogy/addresses.htm, Records from the Central Wanda Nowoisiad-Ostrowska, quoted by historian Tadeusz Piotrowski (The Polish Deportees of World War II), remembered that Abercorn camp was divided into six sections of single-room houses, a washing area, a laundry, a church, and four school buildings with seven classes. 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