mcdougall and oviatt, 2000

2001). As a consequence, they focused on one aspect of the McDougall and Oviatt (2000) definition, broadening . This recent field is still in full expansion, as is demonstrated by the creation in 2003 of the review Journal of International Entrepreneurship. This new phenomenon led to the emergence of a new research field, International Entrepreneurship (IE), com-bining both international business and entrepreneurship literatures (e.g., Knight, 2001; McDougall & Oviatt, 2000; Oviatt & McDougall, 2005). McDougall and Oviatt gic management. PDF Patricia P. Mcdougall after their foundation, such as BGs and INVs (Oviatt, McDougall & Loper, 1995; Shrader et al., 2000), have been a strong focus of academic study in recent decades, it is assumed in most of the research that such firms serve international markets through lower-commitment PDF Digitalization, Entrepreneurial Orientation and ... PDF International Entrepreneurship Theory: Past, Present and ... The current paper concentrates on cross-border entrepreneurship and presents a framework for investigating antecedents and outcomes of SME and new venture internationalization. Although there is no paradigm on the entrepreneurship in international business academics, extant research strategies. PDF Journal of World Business McDougall and Oviatt (2000) introduce international entrepreneurship as a combination of innovative, proactive, and risk-seeking behavior that crosses national borders and aims to create value in entrepreneurial firms such as BGs. borders and is intended to create value in business organizations" (McDougall & Oviatt, 2000, p. 903). Adding to the complexity is the fact that people value being associated with the term "entrepreneur." Thus, for example, although the Since the mid-1990s when Oviatt and McDougall (1994) published their hallmark article, theorizing in the IE field has been undertaken to plumb the depths of new ideas and to develop theoretical extensions and empirical evidence to explain JABES The effect of transformational leadership on ... Consistent with the new definition, a model is presented of how the speed of entrepreneurial internationalization . early and rapid internationalization (McDougall & Oviatt, 2000; Oviatt & McDougall, 2005a). PDF Analysing the Role of Framework Conditions Influencing ... McDougall and Oviatt, 2000), such as those engendered by an entrepreneurial orientation. development (Andersson & Wictor, 2003; McDougall, Oviatt, & Shrader, 2003). PDF CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.0 Summary the finn and as a stimulator for rapid growth in foreign markets (Oviatt & Mcdougall, 1994; McDougall et aI., 1994). International Entrepreneuship and Geographic Location: An ... pursued by new ventures and established companies (McDougall and Oviatt, 2000; McDougall, 1999; Young et al., 2003; Georgiou et al., 2005; Dimitratos and Jones, 2005; Jones and Coviello, 2005; Jones et al., 2011). The former is more likely when the One of the first appearances in the literature of the term International Entrepreneurship occurred in 1988, when John F. Morrow published his article entitled "International Entrepreneurship: a new growth opportunity". McDougall, 1989 McDougall P. P. 1989. International vs. domestic entrepreneurship: A comparison of new venture behavior and industry structure in the computer and communications industries. It is clearly understood that when a young entrepreneur enters a global market, he brings lot of innovative products with positive and less monopoly approach.As Suggested by the Dimitratos and . Despite theoretical and empirical advances in studying born global firms, few studies have examined the roles of individual entrepreneurs in developing born global firms (Karra, Phillips, & Tracey, 2008). International entrepreneurship has been de- PDF International Entrepreneurship: An Introduction, Framework ... As a result, international markets - long the domain of large multinational enterprises (MNES), are now seeing more small firms engaging in international activities (McDougall & Oviatt 2000), often. Whereas many well established firms internationalize by following a slow path of development or through a stage-based process (Johanson & Vahlne,1977 ), INVs and BGs go international at the early stages of their formation. (e.g., Bloodgood, Sapienza, & Almeida, 1996; Shrader, Oviatt, & McDougall, 2000). In particular, the international entrepreneurial orientation of the founders is suggested as one of the prime factors that determines the speed of international involvement (Knight & Cavusgil, 1996; Oviatt & McDougall, 1997). To accomplish this, an exhaustive bibliometric analysis was carried out, involving a bibliometric performance analysis and a graphic mapping of the references in this field. (Oviatt & McDougall, 1997). On the one hand Autio et al., (2000) agree with the Uppsala Model's ohanson & Vahlne, (J 1977) position that knowledge about international markets is an . The notion of entrepreneurial orientation pertains to a firm's strategic orientation and decision-making style, practices and Interestingly, scholars in IE argue that comparisons of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs between countries misinterpret the generally accepted view of IE meaning entrepreneurial business that cross borders. International entrepreneurship has been de- Oviatt, McDougall (1994) defined international new ventures (INVs) as "business organizations that, from incep-tion, seek to derive significant competitive advantage from the use of resources and the sale of outputs in multiple countries". International entrepreneurship: The intersection of two research paths, Academy of Management Journal , 43(5): 902-906. (McDougall & Oviatt, 2000; Young, Dimitratos, & Dana, 2003; McDougall, Oviatt, & Shrader, 2003). Accor- In the words of McDougall and Oviatt (2000: 903), international entrepreneurship is "a combination of innovative, proactive, and risk-seeking behaviour that crosses national borders and is intended to create value in organizations". Firm Size and Age Both firm size and firm age have traditionally been used as the main predictors of a firm's international activities. seeking behavior that crosses national borders and is intended to create value in organizations" (McDougall & Oviatt, 2000: 903). CrossRef Google Scholar More comprehensively, IE refers to innovative activities pursued by a firm across-borders. Andersson and Wictor 2003; McDougall, Oviatt, and Shrader 2003; Kuemmerle 2002; McDougall and Oviatt 2000; Madsen and Servais 1997; Knight and Cavusgil 1996; McDougall, Shane, and Oviatt 1994). Shrader, R.C., Oviatt, B.M., McDougall, P.P. In accordance with the research of McDougall et al. neurship (IE) (Allen, 2016; McDougall & Oviatt, 2000). In this definition the term 'innova-tive' encompasses the value-seeking component, as firms leave their home country to seek out new opportunities in unknown or unexplored markets. The current state of research suggests that, in mature indus-tries in which environmental change is minimal, the sequential perspective on 2000). In literature, we can also find other terms describing SMEs engaged in the process of Leaning advantages of newness (LAN) has been proposed as a theoretical foundation for new venture internationalization (Autio et ai. In this definition the term 'innova-tive' encompasses the value-seeking component, as firms leave their home country to seek out new opportunities in unknown or unexplored markets. Indeed, recognizing these issues, Oviatt and McDougall (2000) have adopted a more generic definition, one that can apply equally well to both INVs and established companies. McDougall and Oviatt's (2000) definition is not specific to small new firms at early stages in the internationalization process, but rather it enables research emphasis to be placed on the international activities of all firms regardless of age, size or industrial sector. These 'Instant Internationalising' firms are proposed to be a new type of exporting firm that no longer comply with the incremental models of stage theory (Cavusgil 1994, Chetty & Campbell-Hunt 2004, Knight 1997, Knight & Cavusgil 2004, McAuley . The area of "international entrepreneurship" has received significant scholarly attention with the development of strong conceptual models during the last decade (e.g., McDougall and Oviatt, 2000; DeClercq et al., 2005; Zahra and George, 2002). new firm (McDougall & Oviatt, 2000; Acs, Dana & Jones, 2003). Oviatt & McDougall, 2005). (Coviello & Munro, 1995; McDougall & Oviatt, 1996), Rennie (1993) considers bornglobal - firms as those firms which have internationalized less than two years after inception (Madsen . 3.0 MOTIVATION TOWARDS GLOBAL . To perform the performance . The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the academic research on International Entrepreneurship (IE). (Oviatt & Mcdougall, 1997). (McDougall and Oviatt, 2000). As a consequence, they focused on one aspect of the McDougall and Oviatt (2000) definition, broadening . While the concept of international entrepreneurship was now in common use in scholarly communities, it was the McDougall and Oviatt's (2000) introduction in a special issue that firmly placed international entrepreneurship within the interface of international business and entrepreneurship research. 2000; Sapienza et aI., 2006). Oviatt and McDougall (2005) suggest that These new ventures are formed by innovative, proactive and risk seeker entrepreneurs (Oviatt and McDougall, 2000) who are stimulated by the advances in information and communication technologies, niche markets and global networks (Knight and Cavusgil, 1996). Oviatt & McDougall 2000). In more detail, Zahra (2005) considers Oviatt and McDougall (1994) to be the so-called fathers of the theory of business in the globalized world and the dominance of the international new ventures in the future business markets (p. 20). Our analysis focuses on journals, papers, authors, institutions and countries. As already mentioned, international entrepreneurship is reported to be a research domain at the intersection of two fields, namely entrepreneurship and international business (McDougall-Covin et al., 2014). International entrepreneurship has been defined as "the discovery, enactment, evaluation, and exploitation of opportunities - across national borders - to create future goods and services" (Oviatt & McDougall, 2005: 7). By entering interna- 926 October ternational expansion activities and technological This content downloaded from 202.114.65.66 on Mon, 19 Aug 2013 08:07:13 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Thus, international entrepreneurship has evolved from a focus on new v entures to include corporate entrepreneurship (Birkenshaw, 1997; Zahra, Ireland, and Hitt, 2000; Zahra & George, 2002). In this regard, entrepreneurial 1988; McDougall, 1989), however, the theory of IE was developed in mid 1990s, mainly by McDougall, who together with Oviatt developed this theory in the following years (Oviatt & McDougall, 1994; McDougall, Shane, & Oviatt, 1994; McDougall & Oviatt, 1996, 2000; Oviatt & McDougall, 2005). . Zucchella & Sciabini (2007) add one more very Additionally, legal requirements when entering a new country could be harsh and therefore act as a barrier to entry (McDougall, Oviatt & Shrader, 2003). How new ventures exploit trade-offs among international risk factors: Lessons for the accelerated internationalization of the 21st century. With this increase in globalisation (Kiss et al., 2012), the interest in the field of international entrepreneurship (IE) has grown (e.g., Hisrich et al., 1996; McDougall-Covin and Oviatt, 2000; Zahra and George, 2002; McDougall and Oviatt, 2003; Knight and Cavusgil, 2004; Etemad, 2005; Dana and Wright, 2009; Dana, 2017; Jafari Sadeghi and . This definition takes into account at the organizational level the notions of innovation, risk taking, and proactive behavior. The process and internationalization performance of firms may be explained by prestigious internationalization models or theories built with different underlying assumptions and structures, namely the Uppsala model (Johanson and Vahlne, 1990), network model (Johanson and Vahlne, 1990), the resource-based view (Hart . process (e.g. Oviatt and McDougall (2002) have revised their views that innovativeness, proactiveness and risk taking are the qualities of Entrepreneurship. Because internationalizing new ventures often do not follow the traditional theories of This article provides a reformulated definition of international entrepreneurship. organizations (McDougall & Oviatt, 2000). International entrepreneurship literature provides explanations of how international expansion of INVs can lead to firm performance through dynamic capabilities, Interestingly, scholars in IE argue that comparisons of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs between countries misinterpret the generally accepted view of IE meaning entrepreneurial business that cross borders. This definition focuses more on the entrepreneurial qualities of firms, rather than on their age at internationalization. The firm is It is thus clear . Traditional models of internationalization posit expansion patterns that are incremental and inhibited by uncertainty (Johanson & Vahlne, 1977) but, seen from an international entrepreneurship perspective, firm internationalization is typically rapid and opportu-nity driven (Zahra, Korri, & Yu, 2005). (McDougall and Oviatt, 2000: 903). More comprehensively, IE refers to innovative activities pursued by a firm across-borders. . According to McDougall and Oviatt (2000), International Entrepreneurship may be defined as Authors in the IE field have widely researched the entrepreneur's pursuit of conducting cross-border activities and com-peting in markets (Schweizer, Vahlne, & Johanson, 2010). Individual, group, and organizational levels of behavior and academic study are included. Oviatt and McDougall (2000) defined IE as proactive, innovative, risk-seeking behavior that crosses national borders and is intended to create value in organizations. In the words of McDougall and Oviatt (2000: 903), international entrepreneurship is "a combination of innovative, proactive, and risk-seeking behaviour that crosses national borders and is intended to create value in organizations". As Cavusgil (1994) put it, "gradual Internationalisation is dead". DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2005.00097.x Corpus ID: 154231584. An international entrepreneur has to pay a large sum of money as the capital investment. Oviatt, 2000). In fact, more than early internationalization is the entrepreneurial activity of the firm that matters (Zahra, 2005). value in organizations. Entrepreneurial orientation refers to a set of behaviors namely innovativeness, proactiveness, and risk- taking -- that have been found to influence international learning (De Clercq et al., 2005), speed of entry Traditionally the com-petitive landscape in international markets was the realm of large companies (McDougall and Oviatt, 2000). According to Autio et aI. national borders to survive or grow (McDougall and Oviatt, 2000; Root, 1994). In accordance with the research of McDougall et al. innovativeness and high willingness to take risks (McDougall & Oviatt, 2000). Some authors also pointed out the importance of the global vision (Gabrielsson et al., 2008). - McDougall and Oviatt (2000) • "Examination of how, by whom, and with what effects opportunities to create future goods and services are discovered, evaluated, and exploited" - Shane and Venkataraman (2000) • "IE is the discovery, enactment, evaluation and exploitation of opportunities across national borders to create goods and . This area remains largely neglected, thus presenting a major gap in developing a general framework for Restrictions are therefore minimal (McDougall, Oviatt & Shrader, 2003). Although Jones & Coviello (2005)3 suggest different entry modes can be used in international . At the outset, IE was first defined as a combination of innovative, proactive, and risk seeking behavior that crosses national borders and is intended to create value in organizations (McDougall & Oviatt, 2000). International entrepreneurship is the combination of innovative, proactive, and risk-seeking behaviour that crosses national borders and is intended to create value in organizations (McDougall & Oviatt, 2000). Defining International Entrepreneurship and Modeling the Speed of Internationalization @article{Oviatt2005DefiningIE, title={Defining International Entrepreneurship and Modeling the Speed of Internationalization}, author={Benjamin M. Oviatt and Patricia Phillips McDougall}, journal={Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice}, year={2005 . Google Scholar; McDougall and Oviatt, 1997 McDougall P. P. , Oviatt B. M. 1997. The dynamic environment including technological, social and economic changes (McDougall & Oviatt, 2000) and the fast obsolescence of products or limited domestic demand (Crick & Spence, 2005), urges many entrepreneur firms to have an international focus from inception. McDougall-Covin, & Rose, 2015). opportunities and learn from such markets (Autio, Sapienza & Almeida, 2000; Oviatt & McDougall, 1994; 2005). . The growth of research in IE can be understood empirically by the simultaneous multiplication over the (2000). View via Publisher rcmewhu.com Save to Library Create Alert internationalization (McDougall & Oviatt, 2000), and prior work on growth and over-confidence (Penrose, 1959; Busenitz & Barney, 1997). The phenomenon has become associated with 'international entrepreneurship', which describes the processes of creating, discovering and exploiting opportunities that lie outside a firm's domestic markets in pursuit of competitive advantages (e.g., McDougall & Oviatt, 2000). Moreover, international entrepreneurial behaviour may occur at the individual or group levels. This definition of IE is closely linked with the concept of EO, which is the propensity to use new behaviors for anticipating and acting on future changes in the external environment, and the willingness to undertake investments with uncertain results (Lumpkin & Dess, 1996). The internationalization process of SMEs and a firm's decision to sell its products in international markets have been the subject of intense academic attention and research in the past 30 years (e.g., Crick & Jones, 2000; Gankema, Snuit, & Van Dijken, 1997; McDougall & Oviatt, 1996). (IB) and entrepreneurship (McDougall & Oviatt, 2000), started as a scholarly inquiry on a unique internationalization phenomenon: international new ventures (Oviatt & McDougall, 1994; Oviatt & McDougall, 2005). Such field was defined as Journal of Business Venturing, 4: 387-400. & Oviatt, 2000; Oviatt & McDougall, 1994, 1995). Work by Oviatt And McDougall. (2000). P. P. McDougall, B. Oviatt Published 2000 Business Academy of Management Journal Reflecting the internationalization of the marketplace and the increasing prominence of entrepreneurial firms in the global economy, the research paths of international business and entrepreneurshi. McDougall and Oviatt (2000) introduce international entrepreneurship as a combination of innovative, proactive, and risk-seeking behavior that crosses national borders and aims to create value in entrepreneurial firms such as BGs. (McDougall & Oviatt, 2000). Thus, this definition expands IE research beyond its current . (McDougall, Shane, & Oviatt, 1994; Oviatt & McDougall, 1994). For instance, Hewerdine . Also, the phenomenon can be use-fully studied from a variety of perspectives: econom-ics, sociology, and anthropology, to name a few (Low & MacMillan, 1988). As BGs are generally viewed as being entrepreneurial in nature (Oviatt & McDougall, 1994), we draw on the IE literature, especially its consideration of entrepreneurial orientation (Oviatt & McDougall, 2005b). Entrepreneurs that actively search for international business opportunities from the early stages show a . First, we examine the effect of knowledge-based factors (such as the firm's human capital and innovation) on international commitment. firms in an uncertain international business environment (McDougall & Oviatt, 2000; Zahra & Garvis 2000) and is largely unconcerned with issues of ethnicity and dual affiliations. known as "International Entrepreneurship" (IE) (McDougall and Oviatt, 2000). Large firm size and age are no longer prerequisites for doing international business. boundaries and is intended to create value in organisations'' (McDougall & Oviatt, 2000, p. 903). (2005) provides a comprehensive comparison of classifying features of "being international firms" and "going international firms". McDougall and Oviatt, 2000). Also, the motivating force to take pre-emptive advantage of an opportunity in a foreign country, because of the risk that a local firms would respond quickly and prevent other firms entry, influences the internationalisation speed of new entry. (McDougall & Oviatt, 2000). Academy of Management Journal, 43 (6), pp 1227-1247. has been cited by the following article: Scholars It also focuses on the entrepreneurial behavior of these firms rather than only the characteristics and movement of resources among countries (Oviatt & McDougall, 2005). The stage theory of internationalization assumes The article also describes briefly about the importance of International entrepreneurship (IE). (McDougall and Oviatt, 2000: 903). Second, we test how the firm's development stage Abstract. McDougall & Oviatt (2000) define international entrepreneurship as: "a combination of innovative, pro-active, and risk seeking behavior that crosses national borders and is intended to create value in organizations". 1988; McDougall, 1989), however, the theory of IE was developed in mid 1990s, mainly by McDougall, who together with Oviatt developed this theory in the following years (Oviatt & McDougall, 1994; McDougall, Shane, & Oviatt, 1994; McDougall & Oviatt, 1996, 2000; Oviatt & McDougall, 2005). Entrepreneurs that actively search for international business opportunities from the early stages show a . ness activities (McDougall & Oviatt, 2000, p. 903). The basis for these six factors will be further discussed in the following section. ness activities (McDougall & Oviatt, 2000, p. 903). McDougall, P. and Oviatt, B. In the new global business environment, internationalization has become a primary driving force for competition (Hitt et al. McDougall, 1994). intended to create value in organizations" (McDougall & Oviatt, 2000, p. 903). Ethnic Entrepreneurship Research Ethnic Entrepreneurship (EE) is another research stream that is related to the study of TE. Such a focus leads us away from an emphasis on entrepreneurial orientations, which McDougall and Oviatt (2000) relied upon for their definition of international entrepreneurship. Yet, we are lacking a theoretical explanation and a more detailed understanding of how the characteristics of industry structure are indeed influential. International entrepreneurial behaviour may occur at the organizational level the notions of innovation risk., broadening McDougall and Oviatt, 1997 McDougall P. P., Oviatt B. M. 1997 discussed in the following.... Firm size and age are no longer prerequisites for doing international business academics extant... Full expansion, as is demonstrated by the creation in 2003 of the McDougall and Oviatt 2000! 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